Patient Abuse in Nursing Facilities Essay Example for Free

Patient Abuse in Nursing Facilities EssayPatient nuisance in care for facilities is becoming more prominent. Abuse is not only carnal, further emotional, sexual, neglect and financial exploitations. The elderly are the most vulnerable and least belike to complain, so unfortunately they are the targets. Most families research in depth about the nurse facility that they will place their loved unitary, in hopes that debauch doesnt occur. Although the research is done, families should unchanging look for signs and symptoms of abuse since they are leaving their loved one in strangers hands. According to (Center), A new-fangled investigation concluded that employment checks do not always provide adequate protection against elder mistreatment. For instance, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services prohibit treat homes from hiring persons with a preceding history of committing abuse in a nursing home setting, but those who have been convicted of other forms of abuse lik e child abuse whitethorn still be hired. Some states require a guilty background check, while others do not. Even so, these checks usually do not uncover convictions in some other state.Furthermore, in some states, non-caregiving staff such as maintenance workers and others without a direct patient care role do not undergo criminal checks even though they may have direct access to patients and patient areas. Understaffing is a common cause of nursing home abuse. When staff fellow members become overworked, they may begin to lose their patience with the nursing home house physician physicians. In addition, understaffing leaves many workers unsupervised or untrained, which rear lead to nursing home abuse.Still, physical abuse in nursing homes is illegal, and the owners of the assisted living facility can be held liable if a resident is subject to nursing home abuse or neglect. Sometimes, it is difficult to identify nursing home residents who have been physically abused. Very of ten, members of the nursing home staff will state that the residents injuries were the result of a pass off rather than the actual causenursing home abuse. In addition, the staff member may bully the resident into agreeing with their story.Because detecting signs of physical nursing home abuse can be difficult, loved ones should pay careful attention when visiting the nursing home. Be aware of the common signs of physical nursing home abuse, including unexplained bruising, cuts, sprains, fractures and confounded bones and open wounds. In addition to physical signs, nursing home patients who have been physically abused may also show changes in their behavior. If the resident appears withdrawn, fearful, nervous or depressed, they may be suffering from physical nursing home abuse.The most common type of physical abuse is battery, which can involve forcing the resident into restraints for no valid reason. Other forms of physical abuse in nursing homes include overmedication, use of e xcessive restraints, chemical or physical, for no reason, burning, pushing, shoving, ram down feeding, hitting the resident with the hand or an object, pulling the residents hair and mishandling the resident when transporting them from beds, bathrooms etc ( (Morgan).According to (Emotional Abuse in Nursing Homes), Emotional abuse in nursing homes is not as overt as other forms of abuse. Regardless, the effects that emotional abuse in nursing homes can result in are electronegative to the happiness, health, and other areas of that residents life. Not whoping what signs to look for can allow emotional abuse in nursing homes to continue. Often times, a resident thinks that telling someone about abuse suffered, including emotional abuse in nursing homes, will make them a burden to the family or they feel xenophobic of enduring an increased amount of abuse.If emotional abuse in nursing homes is occurring the family members should immediately notify the facility. The facility should a mend the situation at once but if the emotional abuse in nursing homes persists, the family should take further action. The chances of the emotional abuse in nursing homes occurring to just one resident are genuinely slim so other residents are probably suffering as comfortably. Emotional abuse in nursing homes can include humiliation, harassment, threat of punishment, deprivation, and intimidation, as well as other behaviors.One of the most pervasive forms of nursing home abuse today is that of neglect. Nursing home neglect is too often overlooked and results all too often in a decline in general health and eventually the death of those elderly people entrusted to nursing home care facilities. The problem can occur anywhere and can take many shapes. What makes this particularly sinister is that it can be overlooked or ignored for so long. Even upon repeated visits to a nursing home, the signs of nursing home neglect can remain hidden.In order to understand the range of mountain s of the problem, it is important to know the different types of nursing home neglect and nursing home abuse. The most obvious, most egregious, and the first that comes to mind for many people is physical neglect. Unfortunately common in nursing homes today, neglect takes many forms, however, all of which are disturbing in their own right. Any of the following forms of neglect secure contacting a nursing home abuse lawyer to bring justice to the victim of neglect, as well as make conditions safer for other residents (Center).According to (Financial ontogeny of Nursing Home Residents), Financial exploitation of the elderly occurs when an individual takes or uses the funds or topographic point of a senior for any wrongful use, or with the intent to defraud the elder. Senior citizens who live in nursing homes or other long-term care facilities can be victims of financial abuse by their direct caregivers or by the administrators of the nursing homes. Financial exploitation is define d as the wrongful use of an individuals finances or property for anothers advantage.This can occur when residents personal or financial resources are taken from them without their consent, either because the residents were incapacitated and unable to give consent or because they were subjected to threats, intimidation, manipulation, and deception. Examples of financial exploitation include cashing an elderly persons checks without authorization, forging a seniors signature, stealing an older persons money or possessions, or deceiving an older person into signing any contract, will, or other document.According to (Nursing Home Abuse), It is critical for every resident to understand their nursing home patient rights in order to successfully acclimate to the very different living environment of a skilled nursing facility. Patients and their families should become well versed in the policies and procedures inherent to life in the facility and must know exactly what they can and should e xpect when it comes to care and safety.In the US, the federal authorities and each state government have written legislation which guarantees each nursing home resident specific and general rights while under overlord care. Most foreign counties have similar laws enacted to protect elders from abuse and neglect in nursing facilities, as well. When your loved one is placed in a nursing home, it is required that they are given a written bill of patients rights. It is recommended that the family and loved one go over this bill of rights in detail so they are familiar with the rights of their loved one.Most often, nursing home patients cannot defend themselves, due to several different reasons physical health, mental health, affable isolation or dependency issues. Unless someone comes forward for these patients, they wont get help and no one is penalized for their actions. Many do not know how to report nursing home abuse, so they remain silent and struggle with their disturbing know ledge of the abuse or neglect. Once the repost is filed, the organization that is responsible, will canvass thoroughly and will hold the person/persons responsible for their actions.If you are a family member and suspect any minor abuse or neglect, it is always voguish to report the activity to the nursing home administrator directly. Tell them that you have evidence of the abuse and that you intend to take this matter as far as it will go. Do not back down. If the infraction is minor and resulted in no real damage, then you may consider allowing them to discipline the staff member internally. Just be sure to watch out for any retribution which may come back to your loved one if the staff member is not fired.If the infraction is more serious or you do not feel completely confident that the matter will be settled in the surpass interest of your loved one, then take the concern one step further. Immediately call police and report the incident. Additionally, contact adult protective services, your ombudsman, your local nursing home regulatory agency and Medicare, if applicable. You might also consider consulting with a nursing home abuse attorney and filing a elegant lawsuit (Nursing Home Abuse).Although abuse in nursing facilities is becoming more prominent, there are several things that family members can do to protect their loved one from being a victim from this horrible crime. The elderly are very vulnerable, but they do not deserve the abuse that the under paid, aggravated staff member may give them. If someone suspects abuse in a nursing facility, they should report it immediately. If not, this makes you just as guilty.

Ghost Story - The Caretaker Essay Example for Free

Ghost Story The C betaker EssayOI LOSER PICK UP THE CRAP This is the way he always got treated. No hotshot gave a second thought about him. They thought that fair because he was the caretaker who picked up the rubbish, he didnt deserve any respect.but they wished theyd have gave him some.After 10 geezerhood of cleaning up by and by people who just didnt care. People who laughed at him for dont his job, picking up their rubbish. Peeling up snotty tissues in the rain in his bright yellow Rain Mack, whilst they laughed at him by the window, he pretended he couldnt see them. After 10 years or this, each day, he has had enough. On his 10 yeah anniversary of being shouted at and just being disregarded, he had decided, this was it. The end, for him anyway.He walked into his stockroom, the one they banged on the door every single time they walked past, every single person. They thought it was funny, but they didnt know that he sat in there crying, through the pain of how they trea t him.He didnt even get treated right by the teachers they shoved him in a room with the boiler. This was it. He walked, slowly, slowly walking. just whence he tripped over a mop. He could imagine the laugher of the kids if they had seen that, then theyd run away with his rubbish picker and hide it, so hed have to spend the rest of the day spirit for it. He couldnt tell anyone, who would care.He got back up and climbed onto the steel lead, and put the noose round his neck and tied it to one of the pipes. He was rocking the tame, from side to side, slowly, attempt to knock it from under his feat, but then, no, he wouldnt let them know that they had got to him. He wouldnt give them that satisfaction. He in any casek the noose off from around his neck, and decided. He was going to bugger off a change. He wouldnt let them get to him anymore not matter how hard they tried.He got off the chair, but then he slipped, he fell, the chair as well. The chair fell toward the boiler. He d idnt realise that when he had f anyen over the mop it had knocked a valve off the boiler, gas was leaking out, he could smell it. The chair was going for the boiler, he tried to get up but he hit a shelf and it fell off. Cleaning products, bleach, and floor cleaner poured all over him. This chair hit the boiler, and made a spark, then there was no more, he was no moreor was he?BE QUITE CASEY shouted a nervous Anne.Whats there to worry about? No ones here. We saw it go up in flames, only that freaky caretaker was here, and hes long gone. Casey smirked, Helen and dirt gave out a little giggle, but Anne didnt.Why do we have to do this here? Why are we doing it? Anne asked.Why Not? said CaseyDont be a beam of unaffixed Casey Anne exclaimed.OK Anne Its just a Ouji Board, its not like they really workSo why are we doing it Casey?Just shut up shrieked Helen to Anne, Its just a bit of fun, why dont you go home if youre so bothered?Maybe I will At this Anne started to make her way back th rough the ruins of the old high school, what were left of it after it blew up.Loser muttered Casey, Helen and Mark laughed. OK This is it. You ready?Yeah said Helen, a bit nervouslyWhatever Mark said coolly as ever.They sat down in a circle, which the Ouji menu in the middle, they all put a finger on the codswallop and then Casey askedIs there anyone there? The glass slowly move towards yes,OH MY GOD WHICH ONE OF YOU IS DOING THAT? asked Helen, quite scared by now.Not Me exclaimed Mark and Casey at the same time.Whatever, said Casey, Lets carry on.Helen was quite nervous by now, she was scared, she wasnt expecting anything to happen.Who were you? Casey asked, as he watched the glass, it moved again, and pointed to the letters G, E, O, R, G, and E.George? Mark muttered. Whos George?The glass began to shake angrily it violently it moved to T, H, E, C, A, R, E, T, A, K, E, R.The Caretaker? Casey asked, Isnt he dead?Isnt that kind of the point of this? Said Mark.Whatever Said Casey, I know one of you is behind this, I dont remember no GeorgeAs If Said Helen, we know its you, this stuff isnt even realWell then said Casey quietly, Well find out now GEORGE WHOEVER YOU ARE WILL YOU keep up TO US?At this it all went silent, and then they all looked at each other and started to giggle, then the floor started to shake, the glass shoot out of their hands and get on YES There was a bright light, and more shaking. But then it stopped. All was silent and dark again, apart from a small ball of light inside the glass. They looked at each other in shock. Then Helen quickly rose to her feet.This isnt funny any more you tw. She had stopped, Casey and Mark didnt know why. She looked in pain, then she rose from the ground, then they noticed, she had a mop through her stomach, and she was suspended in the air. Then moved to the side and they saw itthe horribledisfigured, ghost. Helen was there, dead, attached to the mop the ghost open its mouth and said,Remember me now?The gh ost was burnt, all over, his skin melted and hanging off He wasdisgusting.Mark jumped up and ran for the door, he got passed George and then he cackled evil. Mark ran down the corridor, as fast as he could, then he heard a sound behind him, he looked round and George was chasing after him with the floor cleaning machine. He was getting faster, and faster. Mark ran round the corner and bang into someone.ANNE Mark screamed, I thought youd goneMark, what wrong? What was that noise?Theres no time to explain Hes comingWho? Anne askedME Mark was being lifted up off the floor by a rubbish picker, and then thrown onto the floor. From where he once stood, now stood George. Anne screamed, and turned around, and ran.ANNE WAIT Mark screamed, but Anne was running, and he tried to, but George stood there with his floor cleaner, Mark tried to run away, he couldnt get up, so he crawled. But he wasnt fast enough. George ran at him with the floor cleaner and ran over him with it. It chopped him in to pieces. He was gone.NOOOOOO Screamed Anne, she ran back, Why, why are you doing this?You called me Ill see you soon At this George just disappeared and left the Remains of Mark, and Anne, who lay there crying on the floor.She sat their crying for at least 30 minutes, she couldnt bring herself to move. Then she heard it.ANNE?It was Casey, he was still alive. She ran down the corridor, CASEY WHERE ARE YOU? she ran around screaming. She couldnt find him, where was he, then she say him, lying on the floor, by the stairs. CASEY, She ran up to him, he was hurt, badly. Casey are you OK?Anne, I thought youd goneI came back, come on, we have to go, George, hell come for usI formalism move, he beat me with a broom, but I escaped, then I fell down the stairs. You need to stop him, you have to.How Casey, how can I? Im not as strong as him Why is he doing this?We called him, he came, not hes getting revenge for all the things we did to himBut it wasnt just us. Anne said, starting to cry.I know . But were here now.How do I stop him? Asked Anne rising to her feetThe GlassThen she heard a noise, George came from round the corner with a Lawnmower. He ran up to Casey and lunged at him with it. Anne knew he was dead. So she ran, and ran, and ran. It seemed like she has been running for hours. She knew she had to hide, she couldnt find an exit, and the ones she could has collapsed during the explosion. She saw a small room, and ran it, and locked the door. Then she looked around and realised where she was.She was in Georges room she saw the Ouji board on the floor, then George, stood there in the corner. He had a pair of tree trimmers in his hand. Anne knew this was it for her. Even if she could reach the door in time, she wouldnt be equal to(p) to open it.Ready to die Anne? George asked, but the she noticed and thought back to what Casey has told her, the glassTHE GLASS She shoutedWhat? George asked?The Glass, youre not going to kill me, or anyone else She ran across the room and picked up the glass with the small ball of light in it.No Anne, NO I WONT GO BACK AGAIN George screamed.Its too late now She threw the glass on the floor, it smashed and a bright white light flooded the room. Anne was blinded by it. And then it was gone, she was alone in the room. She got up, and slowly unlocked the door and walked out.She walked around the school and looked for an exit. Eventually she found one and walked out. As she walked away, she didnt know what to do first, tell Mark, Casey and Helen parent what had happened, go to the police force or just go home and cry, but she knew she has to get away from the school.But as she walked, she heard a low laugh, more like a cackle, coming from inside the school.

The importance of caterpillar inc in mining

The importance of caterpillar inc in mining big cat Inc is the largest maker of social structure and mining equipment, diesel and natural gas engines and industrial gas turbines in the world ( true cat Inc, 2010, p.1). It was started in 1925, and is based in Peoria, Illinois. Its operations are divided into ternary segments machinery, engines, and financial logical argument segments (Businessweek, 2010).With a global vestige, Caterpillar Inc.s point of intersection line boasts of more than 300 products, manufactured in twenty trine countries (Caterpillar Inc, 2010). In the sections that fol low-spirited, an inwrought analysis of the firm is carried out and its distinctive capabilities and nitty-gritty competencies evaluated. Its corporate, functional, and matched strategies are excessively analyzed.Distinctive capabilitiesThe resource-based view of the firm asserts that an organizations resources and capabilities underpin the bedrock upon which the firms competitive emolu ment and strategy is based. While resources refer to the productive assets owned by the firm (Saloner, Shepard, and Podolny, 2008, p.12), capabilities refer to what the firm can do (Saloner, Shepard, and Podolny, 2008, p.12). Three types of resources earn been identified touchable resources, intangible resources, and human resources. As far as Caterpillar Inc is concerned, these are discussed belowTangible ResourcesFinancial Resources Caterpillar has a strong and healthy gold flow position. Net cash flows have increased from $592,000 in 2007 to $1,614,000 in 2008 and $2,131,000 in 2009 (Yahoo Finance, 2010). It enjoys strong commercialise capitalization, which stands at $39.8 billion compared to only $6.29 billion for its walk-to(prenominal) competitor and the industry average of $1.71 billion. Its operating margins as substantially as price earnings ratio are well above the industry average (Yahoo Finance, 2010). Caterpillars sales revenues, profits, and other financial indic ators have shown a consistent improvement everyplace the years. For instance, sales revenues have risen from $30.3bn in 2004 to $51.3bn by 2008, surpassing the firms 2010 guide of $50bn with two years to go. Over the same period, profits have risen from $2bn to $3.6bn. Other financial ratios have also witnessed a strong climb-up (Annual Report). The firm also boasts of an investment-grade credit rating as well as easy access to the capital (Caterpillar Inc, 2009).Marketing Resources Caterpillar Inc has a marketing and distribution system that spans the complete globe. Additionally, it holds the market leadership position in the construction and mining industries as well as in the construction of natural gas, diesel, and industrial engines (Caterpillar Inc, 2009). With the kindest global footprint in the industry, it is very well diversified in terms of geographical spread and derives only 33% of its revenues in the US market. With over 300 products in its product line, its produ ct base can be set forth as broad and well diversified which can help cushion it against downturns in special product areas. Its customer service can also be described as superior, given that the firm offers among others quality assurance underpinned by a three year warranty, as well as fixed rate long-term financing tailored to specific customer needs (Caterpillar Inc, 2009).Physical Resources Caterpillar Inc boasts of hi-tech manufacturing facilities spread in at least twenty three countries, and geared towards production in thirteen different industries. Under the Caterpillar doing arrangement (CPS), it has a world class manufacturing, supply chain, and distribution system that are closely aligned with the flexible manufacturing philosophy (Caterpilar Inc, 2009).Intangible ResourcesTechnology the number of patents which Caterpillar Inc has received has continued to increase year after successive year. By 2010, it had 620 patents. This is in line with its expenditure on RD whi ch has grown from just $928 million in 2004 to $1.73bn by 2008 (Caterpillar Inc, 2009).Reputation the market leader in the construction and mining industries and in the natural gas, industrial, and diesel engine industries, Caterpillar enjoys strong brand course credit as well as a strong reputation for machines distinguished by their specialist expertise, dur great power, design, as well as dealer and service excellence. jibe to Saloner, Shepard, and Podolny (2008, p.12), resources by themselves cannot give a firm a competitive advantage but must be blended together to give the firm capabilities. establish on the inventory of Caterpillar Inc.s resources presented above, the firms capabilities can be given as followsstrong financial position which also gives the firm a high ability to finance innovation (RD) and working capital requirements, raise credit financing to expand its operations or investments, as well as the ability to finance its customers and dealers purchases over the long run. sound innovation capabilities as evidenced by the increasing number of patents it holds and the sustained investment in RD activities.Supply chain efficiencies (flexibility, speak to effectiveness, etc) as evidenced by its Caterpillar Production System (CPS).Strong manufacturing and distribution capabilities as evidenced by its global configuration of production, supply, and distribution facilities.Strong marketing capabilities as defined by its market leadership position, broad product portfolio (over 300 products in thirteen different industries), its strong brand acquaintance and reputation, and superior customer service and excellence.Selznick (1990) coined the term distinctive competences / capabilities to describe those things which the organization does extremely well relative to its marketplace rivals. In the case of Caterpillar Inc, its distinctive capabilities can be said to accept its innovation and financial capabilities as well as its well-diversified prod uct base and geographical spread.Core competenciesPrahalad and Hamel (1990) define core competencies as those capabilities which are central to an organizations achievement of a sustainable competitive advantage. For the capability to be termed as a core competence, it has to meet four criteria as spelled out by the VRIO framework. It must be valuable, rare, inimitable, and the organization must be sufficiently organized to exploit it. While Caterpillar Inc has a very broad product line and wide geographical spread, this can be easily replicated by its rivals through a deliberate strategy of market emergence and product diversification. Its supply chain capabilities can also be easily replicated through undertaking demand and supply chain integration activities such as maintaining low inventory levels and adopting flexible manufacturing systems. Its main core competencies therefore are its innovation capabilities, its superior financial position, and its superior customer service.S trategyStrategy formulation has been described as taking place at three levels the corporate level, business level, and the functional level. Robbins and colter (2005) identify three types of corporate strategies. These include result, retrenchment, and stability strategies. Traditionally, Caterpillar has pursued the growth strategy which involves aggressively expanding into new markets and introducing new products so that by 2008 it had more than 300 products. Apart from its domestic US market, it has spread to to the highest degree countries in Asia Pacific, Africa, Europe and Middle East, and Latin America.However, prompted by the increasingly cyclical nature of the industries across which it operates as well as the recent global economic recession, the firm put brakes on its growth strategy and pursued a retrenchment strategy instead. This was characterized by cost reduction initiatives, closure of underperforming business units, and employee layoffs (Caterpillar Inc, 2009). According to its yearbook report, the firms trough planning initiative has twistingScaling down the number of its employees by more than 20,000, through voluntary as well as forced layoffs. Additionally, the firm has done away with many contingent workers (that is, temporary, agency, and contract employees).Reducing working hours as well as closing whatsoever plants temporarily in many of its global facilities. In some areas, the firm has introduced shorter working weeks.The firm has also undertaken various measures to optimize its supply chain management. These include reduction of inventories (which is expected to lead to lower inventory carrying costs), forging closer relationships with key suppliers, and the alignment of its logistical processes to conform to its flexible manufacturing system dubbed the Caterpillar Production System (CPS).It has drastically reduced compensation levels for its employees and managers, in some instances by as much as half. This is expected to d rive cost savings.According to Robbins and Coulter (2005), firms which pursue the corporate strategy of growth have various strategic alternatives at their disposal. These include concentration, vertical integration, horizontal integration, and diversification strategies. Of the four strategies, Caterpillar Inc has primarily made use of the diversification and horizontal integration strategies. Diversification involves expanding the firms scope of operations into other industries and product lines and this can be seen in the firms expansion to over 300 products and in thirteen industries. The horizontal integration strategy involves merging operations with other players in the same industry with a view of enhancing the firms competitive thrust and lowering competition in the industry. In the case of Caterpillar, this is evidenced byCombination of its operations with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in 1965 in the Japanese market joint make with Navistar International Corporation which l ed to the creation of a new entity known as NC2 Global LLC in 2009 and a joint venture agreement with China Yuchai Machinery Co. Ltd in 2009 (Businessweek, 2010).The Ansoff Matrix has further identified the strategies which can be pursued by a firm deploying the corporate strategy of growth as product development, market development, diversification, and market penetration strategies (Mercer, 1996). The firm has predominantly made use of the product development strategy which involves the introduction of new products for exist markets. Cases in point include the introduction by the company of next generation mining trucks, the first ever electric drive tracks in the industry, as well as the innovation of the revolutionary cat 175 engine (Caterpillar Inc, 2009). The market development strategy is also evident in the firms strategic posture, particularly in its forays into more countries through geographic expansion. Some of the countries recently ventured into by Caterpillar includ e Saudi Arabia and India (Caterpillar Inc, 2009).At the business level, three main strategies have been identified. These include the overall low cost leadership strategy, the differentiation strategy, and the niche / focus strategy. The niche strategy has further been distinguished as either a differentiated niche strategy or focused low cost strategy. Additionally, an organization may follow a stuck in the middle approach where it at the same time pursues two or more of these strategies (Porter, 1998).Of the three generic strategies, Caterpillar Inc can be described as following the generic strategy of differentiation. As its annual report (Caterpillar, 2009) attests, this strategy is based on two of its core competencies its innovation capabilities and superior customer service.Functional level strategies are strategies which are implemented at the functional level in order to support the business level and ultimately, the corporate level strategies (Robbins and Coulter, 2005). For example, as far as the human resource is concerned, the firm continues to put a lot of emphasis on the training and development of its personnel. In 2008 for example, it spent up to $60 million in training and development initiatives. By ensuring that its employees are well trained and developed, the firm can see to it that creativity and innovation is fostered and that the staff are in a position to huckster exceptional levels of customer service. Its customer service strategy for example has involved offering three year warranties, and long term financing for customers and dealers (Caterpillar Inc, 2009).Its manufacturing strategy has involved upgrading of its facilities. For example, in 2008, the firm spent up to $2.4 billion in initiatives aimed at modernizing its manufacturing infrastructure. Other functional level strategies include ensuring costs are kept inside manageable levels while maintaining high quality standards through initiatives such as the Six Sigma program, and ensuring that the organization is aligned with emerging market needs (Caterpillar Inc, 2009).

Health Care Using Visual Aids Health And Social Care Essay

Health Care Using Visual Aids Health And Social Care studyTonks in Safer by initiation report points out that there is a great privation for good inclination for medicine, and more attention should be remunerative to health care design. The NHS is seriously out of step with modern thinking and practice with regard to design (Tonks, A., 2008). Moreover recent studies conducted by Spinillo and Padovani foc apply on learning design aspects in effectiveness of medicine inserts, showed that deficiencies in typography and confusing optic instructions consider task performance and information wisdom (Spinillo and Padovani, 2009). Well designed information offer be crucial for improving patient-doctor communication and prevent from misinterpretation, which can have serious consequences.Paling recommends using optical aids wherever possible, to maximize understanding. Good ocular aids can jockstrap the viewer to see the risk numbers in con text edition, thus providing information and not just data. Furthermore he states For many patients, truly informed consent (or indeed dissent) is difficult to achieve without visual aids. According to Palings studies physical exertion of a simple visual aid can also remediate the doctor-patient relationship. When simple visual communication tools are shared between doctor and patient, they offer an chance to deepen the bond between them. The closer the doctor-patient partnership, the more similarly the patient is to be satisfied (Paling, J., 2003 also Buetow, S., 1998).Concluding Paling urges that more look for is necessary on how diametric strategies, particularly use of visual aids, help patients to understand risk. Similar studies have already assessed analogous visual tools such as the Wong-Baker FACES painful sensation rating scale widely used to help patients communicate their level of pain (Paling, J., 2003). Furthermore he suggests that research should assess how differences in culture, age, and gender a ffect patients perception of risks. Few studies have examined how different groups respond to risks of any kind, and no studies seem to have investigated which approaches are the most effective for communicating medical risks to different populations (Paling, J., 2003).Figure 1. Wong-Baker Faces ScaleFrom Wong DL, Hockenberry-Eaton M, Wilson D, Winkelstein ML, Schwartz P Wongs Essentials of Pediatric Nursing, 6/e, St. Louis, 2001, P. 1301.Recently Dartey and colleagues looked at improving communication for patients with chronic pain using affective graphic design also scales inspired by Wong-Baker faces. Designed leaflets concerned patients with low literacy skills and intended to aid accurate timing for medication winning.According to Darteys research using visual metaphors to facilitate healthcare communication to low-literacy patients stimulates the mind and aids adherence, however, it requires verbal explanation from the health professionals. It should also be developed in coll aboration with the target union taking into account their cultural settings (Dartey et al., 2009).Figure 2. UCSF Computer generated medication calendar (UCSF TODAY 2007)Machtinger and colleagues present the success of a visual ashes implemented by UCSF research team in America. This new visual system creates a weekly computer generated calendar for patients on medication allowing them to see what medication they need to take and how much on a daily basis. Patients receive also written instructions in English and in their native language (Fig 2). The system aims to prevent miscommunication between doctor and patient, allowing the patient to have full understanding of the daily dosage of their medication. A system that concentrated on visual aspects in particular worked well for patients that suffered from memory loss and aided the communication of information to other nationalities. This system created by UCSF supports the use of visual aids to communicate messages to dissimilar g roups of people, in particular enhancing effective communication across language barriers. Machtinger et all. suggest that visual symbols and use of colour coding can aid doctor-patient communication and meliorate mutual understanding (Machtinger et all., 2007).Mansoor and Dowse investigated the effect of pictograms on readability of patients information materials. According to the findings of their research presence of pictograms had a positive effect in the scholarship and comprehension of drug information. Moreover participants expressed an overwhelming positive desire for pictograms in their drug information (Fig. 3) (Mansoor and Dowse, 2003).Researchers emphasise that in order to stimulate wager drug information should be user-friendly, attractive, and easily accessible. Evaluating consumer or patient preference through open-ended questions best assesses these features. This form a crucial part of design process of patients information materials This forms a crucial part of the design process of patient information materials as it provides us with valuable information on how to alter the physical appearance and the readability of the leaflets, thereby making the leaflets more comprehensible.Leaflets with the appropriate tone, length, and design can do much to aid responsible medicine taking say researchers. According to this study, it was evident that the Z-fold leaflet including pictograms was the preferred format and design (Mansoor and Dowse, 2003).Figure 3. Nystatin suspension medicine labels (actual size of labels used 4.70 - 7.85 cm) (Mansoor and Dowse, 2003).The following features successfully contri exclusivelyed to the location and understanding of the information1. short, easy-to-read and highlighted headings for navigating through the leaflet2. bullet points and broken paragraphs as opposed to solid text for attracting attention3. large spaces between paragraphs and Copernican points rendering the leaflet less intimidating and4. large pri nt size that improved legibility.Features that detracted from complete understanding of the information let ind1. the shaded box was ineffective in attracting attention and was often ignored and2. the length of the leaflet was a deterrent that sometimes hindered attention span.(Mansoor and Dowse, 2003).Suitably designed and well-tried drug information can improve compliance rates, satisfy patient information needs, and educate patients on the correct use of their medication (Mansoor and Dowse, 2003). It also plays an important role in empowering patients to induce more active participants in their health care. A more informed patient enables greater participation in the decision-making process, resulting in a positive continue on medicine-taking behavior and health outcomes. It is, therefore, essential that information provided on medicine labels and PILs should be patient oriented, relatively brief, concise, and comprehensive. (Mansoor and Dowse, 2003).Review of literature on us e of pictural aids in medication instructions done by Katz and colleagues seams to prove that the use of pictorial aids enhances patients understanding of how they should take their medications, particularly when pictures are used in combination with written or oral instructions (Katz et al., 2006). Also Houts and colleagues in their review state that, according to existing research, pictorial aids improve recall, comprehension, and adherence (Houts et al, 2006).According to their findings there is evidence that people prefer pictures in health messages that are culturally sensitive and include representation of people like themselves and therefore they are more likely to notice these messages. However they couldnt find any experimental studies which compare attention given to culturally targeted and generic health messages. (Houts et al, 2006).Houts brings out Levie and Lentzs research example. They convey study on pictures in education cite which shows, that children prefer storie s with pictures to ones without, furthermore audio-visual presentations are considered as more enjoyable and provoke if accompanied with picture (Levie and Lentzs, 1982). Houts points out that particular audience can respond differently to certain pictures and therefore health educational materials should be first tested with intended audience (Houts et al, 2006).Delp and Jones study suggests that addition pictures to health education text draws patients attention and will increase the chance that the text will be read.Leiner et all. research compares non-illustrated leaflet in opposition to a video tape with animated cartoons explaining the need for a polio vaccine. Both the leaflet and video contain the identical information. Scores for animated cartoon group were significantly higher than the group with printed information given. Houts et all. reviewing existing studies noted that verbal health information accompanied by pictures helps remember and also recall these information . Houts literature search shows that almost all of studies found in educational data base reported that written or spoken text with pictures are better than text alone. This is called the pictorial superiority effect in educational research. The effect, according to researchers speculation, is caused by greater brain activation evoked by pictures.However no study was found to prove that the pictorial superiority effect was greater for particular type of content or pictures. Houts et all. stressed that more research is needed, in particular on the conditions that maximize pictures effects.Houts gives also useful practice implications for designing the informationEducators shouldask how can I use pictures to support key points?,minimize distracting details in pictures,use simple language in conjunction with pictures,closely link pictures to text and/or captions,include people from the intended audience in designing pictures,have health professionals plan the pictures, not artists,ev aluate pictures effects by comparing response to materials with and without pictures (Houts et al, 2006).Houts et all. stressed that pictures can change adherence to health instructions, however emotional response to pictures affects whether they increase or decrease target behaviors. The research suggests that all patients can benefit, but patients with low literacy skills are especially likely to benefit. Patients with very low literacy skills can be helped by spoken directions plus pictures to take home as reminders or by pictures plus very simply worded captions (Houts et al, 2006)Green and Myers argued that graphic stories and adult themed comics are an innovative and creative way to learn and teach about illness. Juxtaposing text and image can be beneficial especially for people with low literacy skills, learning difficulties elderly people (Kripalani et al., 2007) can also be helpful in communication with young patients. Powerful visual messages convey immediate visceral unde rstanding in ways that conventional texts cannot say authors (Green and Myers, 2010).Figure 4 . crabby person Vixen a personal story of breast cancerGreen and Myers research has shown how combining pictures and text enhances understanding, as the activities of reading and viewing touch off different information processing systems within the brain. (Mayer R.E., Sims V.K.,1994). This combination also fosters connections between new information and existing knowledge, thereby increasing recall of health information, especially among those with low literacy. This process is even more effective when pictures overlap with text, are explanatory, and are engaging (Green and Myers, 2010). Green and Myer say that graphic pathographies can also help patients and their families better understand what to expect of a certain disease (Fig. 4) (Green and Myers, 2010).Research conducted by Coad and collegues exploited using art-based techniques in engaging children and young people in healthcare. The study looked at how art-based techniques and activities can be applied for use in consultation work and/or research projects with children and young people. In Coads research third art-based activities of using photographs, drawings/posters or collages and mapping techniques were considered in terms of application to field work. (Coad, J., et al., 2007) Art-based techniques, says Coad, give children and young people the opportunity to articulate their feelings through their own visual representations, including those with writing and/or language difficulties, one major challenge is understanding what the art-work means to them (Coad, J. et al., 2007).

A History of UK Newspapers | Analysis

A History of UK Newspapers AnalysisThis newspaper assignment will set push through to critically analyse newspapers by comparing political persuasion, ownership, refereeship, content and style. The elect cardinal newspapers that will be analysed will be The Sun and The defender.The researcher has chosen to analyse, for this assignment a newspaper story exposing taxpayers cash being wasted by EU chiefs.A brief history of NewspapersBritish newspapers bum be traced back to the 17th century, but they were very different to the types of newspapers many people read today, the in createation in these early newspapers mainly got distributed to the public in the form of posters, news sheets or pamphlets. The first true British newspaper to be published in Britain similar to the ones we read today was the Oxford Gazette in the stratum 1665. (capital of the United Kingdom-gazette.co.uk).Although this newspaper was originally called the Oxford Gazette it later changed its name to the capi tal of the United Kingdom Gazette because of a decision by King Charles the II to move his government to Oxford. The capital of the United Kingdom Gazette from the beginning was a good source of reliable news, especially for study overseas. In fact Wellingtons Waterloo victory was published first in the London Gazette. (London-gazette.co.uk).Brief history of The Sun newspaperThe Sun was first published on the 25th of January 1911 and was originally called The Daily Herald. Initially a left cowcatcher paper, it was printed blockically to offer support to strikers at the time. In 1922 it became the official newspaper of the (TUC) Trade Union Congress and was a Labour Party supporter at the time. (Historic newspapers.co.uk).After changing its name from The Daily Herald to The Sun, The Sun printed its first edition on the 15th of September 1964. After a nobble period of two months from the first edition, world media tycoon Rupert Murdoch acquired The Sun after unsuccessful bids by R obert Maxwell. (Historic newspapers.co.uk).The Sun newspaper is owned by The News Corporation assemblage and is part of the News Group Newspapers. Published daily it sells over 2899,310 copies per day, and at its peak in the mid 90s The Sun was selling over 4,000,000 newspapers a day. comm unaccompanied considered to be Conservative, The Sun has been known for supporting the ruling party, and even supported Tony Blair during his three election wins. (Historic newspapers.co.uk).The readership age average of The Sun is 15-24 year old, having a high % of male reading The Sun than females. The Southeast of England has been shown to have the highest readership of The Sun newspaper. (Ipsos-mori.com).Brief history of The Guardian newspaperThe Guardian newspaper, originally known as the Manchester Guardian was first published on May the 5th 1821 and founded by a man named John Edward Taylor. The Manchester Guardians intention at the time was to promote liberal lodge in in the aftermath of the Peterloo Massacre and the growing campaign to repel Corn Laws that Manchester suffered from at the time. To begin with the newspaper was published weekly until 1836 when it was published every Wednesday and Saturday, by 1855 the newspaper became daily. (Guardian.co.uk).Under the editorship of C.P Scott, The Guardian achieved national and international recognition and held this post for 57 years. CP Scott bought the paper in 1907 pledging to uphold the principles of the founders, that the newspaper would retain its independence. After past(a) from an active role in managing and editing the newspaper, C.P Scott passed control to his two sons John Russell as manager and Edward Taylor as editor, where these roles would remain until the death of C.P Scott in 1932. Unfortunately only four months after the death of his father, Edward Scott died and sole ownership was passed to J.R Scott. In 1936 this sole ownership was then formally passed to the trustees of The Scott Trust. In 194 4 AD Wadsworth took the post of editor where in 1964 the editor and paper moved to London. (Guardian.co.uk).The political persuasion of The Guardian as always learned towards the left supporting Labour throughout most its history, all the same it has been known to support the LibDems and even supported Conservative in the 1955 election. (Guardian.co.uk).The average readership age of The Guardian is 24-34 year old, with a higher % of males reading The Guardian than females, London has the highest readership of this newspaper. (Ipos-mori.com).The difference between neb and tabloid newspapersIncome, age, social class and education have all been shown to have a positive correlation between who reads broadsheet or tabloid newspapers. Tabloid newspapers are usually smaller than broadsheet papers with a simple style, having many more(prenominal) photographs and often focusing on gossip and celebrity news rather than political affairs. Tabloids prefer to use a journalese style of writing promoting emotion in its readers using words the like huge, crackdown, bubbly blonde, love rat, love child and cops instead of Police. Broadsheets in contrast like to use longer sentences and paragraphs often going into greater detail in their stories using a less dramatic near in their writing style. (English lesson 2, newspaper hand out).Analysing the newspaper articles on Yuri Gagarins 50th anniversary first quadriceps flightThe first main difference that is noticeable between the two chosen newspapers is the style of headlines, The Sun states in its headline First man in space parachuted into a ploughed field and had to borrow farmers phone to tell Moscow he was safe. The Sun is clearly using a comical approach in this headline trying to show the incompetence of the Russian space program at the time, in contrast The Guardian uses a more professional person approach in its headlines stating Yuri, we have a problem secrets of Gagarin trip revealed.The second noticeable differe nce is the introduction of the two stories, The Sun emphasiss emotion in its readers by using big words such as out of this world, huge blow, and his feat. However The Guardian hints at more informative facts within its story, taking a professional approach mentioning Newly released files cast light on hitches, drawing its readers into the story by hinting at facts and figures.The third noticeable difference between the two stories is how the two papers are structured. The Sun breaks its story up into little sections by using subheadings such as Orbit, Blurry and Spirit, making the story quicker and easier to read by jumping to certain sections of the story if the reader chooses too. The Guardian however chooses not to do this, making for a more comprehensive read.The quaternary difference between the two papers is how they give the information within the story. The Sun chooses to give little snippets of information, bad their readers a choice to gain information quickly if they c hoose too, they do this by adding a timeline and adding subsections. The Guardian again, chooses not do this only giving their readers a choice of the main story or a sub story on a mall statue.The fifth difference is the style of picture between the two papers The Sun uses a larger more dramatic picture mixed with images such as the Vostok 1 blasting off, Gagarins funeral, Images of space and Yuri Gagarin in training. The Guardian however has a often smaller picture only showing Gagarin in his cosmonaut suit.The sixth and final difference between the two newspaper stories is how they are written. The Sun uses a journalese style of writing, for example its story has many words such as tiny, plunges, dramatic, plummeting and profoundly making for a very dramatic read. The Guardian however has a more down to earth approach to its story using more formal words such as technical, acceptable, apparatus and intrigue.ConclusionFrom analysing the two newspapers it can be clearly seen that they are designed to cater for two very different types of readers. The Guardian seems to be aimed for a more professional type of clientele. The reader of this paper will probably have a university education, with strong political views. The Guardian readers are also more likely commute to work on long train journeys. The style of writing in The Guardian paper gives a more comprehensive read with an in-depth approach to facts and figures it is perfectly suited to the more professional type of individual.The Sun, in contrast seems to be aimed at a totally different type of clientele. With its eye catching headlines and easy to read stories giving short snippets of information. This paper is ideally suited to the individual who is not that fussy on politics, whose education probably ended in college or secondary school, and makes short journeys to work getting small tea breaks throughout the day. The style of The Sun newspaper is perfectly suited to this type of individual who is pro bably on the go most of the day and doesnt get much time to take in the daily news.

A Show About Nothing :: essays research papers

A Show About NothingIn the artcle, Is Seinfeld the Best Comedy Ever?, author Jay McInerney agrees with Seinfeld the beaver make outdy on television. Seinfeld is a real life expose. The behaviors of Jerry, Kramer, George and Elaine, the failed communication, and the everyday embassassment represent zeroness hardly a peculiar everyday life. These nothingnesses happen to all of us, but when it is put on TV, people will laugh at these. Besides, the author appreciates the fact that Seinfeld is a parvenu York story but it is filmed in Los Angeles. The low-set texture of life in the city, the random looniness of the street, the idioms and speech inflections of Manhattan, and the claustrophobia of New York apartment living in the show fascinates the New Yorker as it is so real and funny. Seinfeld takes those poor nothings and combines them to create something realistic. Nothingness and reality give the author the reasons to believe that it is the best comedy ever.When people conside r Seinfeld as a show about nothing. It could be humorous that nothingness can provide such an interesting topic for the comedies of life. In life people care about details and perplex about trouble, the little nothings made are soon forgotten. Thus, these nothingnesses are actually fragments of out real life. Seinfeld gathers the nothingness into a show, and it spreads out the idea that everything in the show that actually happens all around us. For example, losing the car in a parking garage, working for an eccentric boss and coping with the trials and tribulations of dating, it is common for a lot of people. And these realities come into the nothingness of Seinfeld. In Seinfeld, the fabulous four characters George, Kramer, Elaine and Jerry share the nothingnesses which life have granted them. George cannot attract thr girl because of his limitiations as a short, bald, fat man. Kramer struggles with the fact that he has not achieved anything in his life yet.. Elaine worries her ho ld on to a good boyfriend and a good job for long. And Jerry, living with his nothing friends, as vigorous as his own LEX Luthurs which seem to always abstract his plans to find his own Lois Lane and live the life of Superman. The four were cramped in small apartments of New York and live a life of nothingness.Besides, even the settings in Seinfeld for great adventures appear muchlike nothing.

Eduardo Bonilla-Silvas Book, Racism Without Racists Essay -- Color Bl

Race has been an issue in North America for many years. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva discusses the new racism in his book, Racism without Racists. Bonilla-Silva classifies the new racial discrimination as color blur racism. Color blind racism is then structured under tetrad frames (26). Color blind racism is believed to have lead to the segregation of the white race from other minorities called white flesh. Color blind racism and white habitus has affected many people, whom dont even realize that they are, have been or get out be affected.Color blind racism is an ideology, which acquired cohesiveness and bureau in the late 1960s, explains present-day(a) racial inequality as the outcome of nonracial dynamics, according to Bonilla-Silva (2). In order to analyze color blind racism, Bonilla-Silva relies broadly on interview data (11) through a 1997 Survey of Social Attitudes of College Students and a 1998 Detroit Area Study (DAS) (12). Bonilla-Silva then breaks down the analysis of color blind racism into four central themes to convey how whites explain a world without racial issues abstract liberalism, naturalization, cultural racism, and minimization.Abstract liberalism is ideas associated with political liberalism and economic liberalism (28). Abstract liberalism is utilise for a wide range of issue therefore Bonilla-Silva gives a few different examples of when this frame is used. Rationalizing Racial Unfairness in the Name of Equal opportunity was used when asking white students if minorities should be provided unique opportunities to be admitted into universities (31). Most whites will state that everyone should have an equal opportunity. Those whites, ignored the effects of past and contemporary discrimination on... ...with other races and eventually it will become second nature. Obviously, the government cannot make those integrated communities communicate but I believe that with time neighbors will start to talk to one another or if nothing else some type of promotion for community block parties, similar to when I was a kid, would embolden in the communication process. That is how I remember meeting the neighbors. Community block parties are non-existent now days but I believe they are unspoilt to everyone With a little effort from everyone, we can make it happen, a life without racismReferencesBonilla-Silva, Eduardo (2003). Racism without racists. Lanham, Maryland Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group.Charles, Camille (2003). The dynamics of racial residential segregation. annual Review of Sociology, 167. Retrieved from http//jstor.org/stable/30036965.